war poems - 1348 Words

Question: Wilfred Owen’s poetry is shaped by an intense focus on extraordinary human experiences. Select TWO poems set for study and explore Owen’s portrayal of suffering and pity. Prescribed text: War Poems and Others, Wilfred Owen Wilfred Owen wrote about the suffering and pity of war from his first -hand experience at the Somme. He was appalled by the overwhelming and senseless waste of life, the â€Å"human squander† and detailed its devastating effects on young men. In both ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ and ‘Mental Cases’ he writes with intense focus on war as anextraordinary human experience. The poems also document other experiences, the living hell of shell-shock in ‘Mental Cases’ and a cruel and grotesque death from mustard gas in†¦show more content†¦The use of the continuous present participle form in â€Å"smothering† and â€Å"choking, drowning† suggests the continuity of the actions which will replay in the soldiers’ minds long after the event. ‘Mental Cases’ also evokes pain and suffering through visual and aural imagery. On the battle-field the soldiers are â€Å"treading blood†. They see the â€Å"shatter o f flying muscles† and â€Å"human squander / Rucked too thick†. In the hospital ward, these same men’s â€Å"eyeballs shrink tormented / Back into their brains†. The physical pain of the battlefield is now the mental pain of shell-shock. They have waded through so much blood, flesh and carnage they cannot free their minds from the horror of it. Owen reminds us that we have treated our soldiers shamefully and are complicit in their misery and suffering. This is the final point in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’. The title itself works ironically, playing with the expectations of the audience who would have known the phrase, ‘It is a sweet and fitting thing to die for one’s country,’ and would have expected a poem about the greatness of war. Having described the appalling death from mustard gas, he addresses his audience directly to state that it is not at all a great and glorious thing to die for one’s country. He likens the deadsoldier to a child, an innocent doing an adult’s bidding and implies that his death is based on propaganda and deceit, perpetuated forShow MoreRelatedWar Poems : War Poetry1443 Words   |  6 Pagesleaves a nation with a vein of guilt deep within the core of the country. War poetry immortalizes the death of these soldiers in an attempt to forget about the brutal ity of conflict and to remove the grief that comes from sending your nation’s sons and daughters into combat. War poetry immortalizes soldiers in an attempt to keep the nation moving forward, to gain closure, and to paint a heroic image of their fallen warriors. War poems immortalization of heroes helps the nation move forward by giving theRead MoreThe Consequences of War in the Poem, Children in Wartime529 Words   |  2 PagesIn the poem Children in Wartime, the poet presents the ways of the dreadfulness of warfare and what people, particularly children, have had to suffer the consequence of the war. We can see this through the quote where the author writes â€Å"Sirens ripped open/ the warm silk of sleep/ we ricocheted to the shelter† this suggests to the reader how the use of imagery right in the first lines shows how uses of powerful verbs such as the words ‘ripped’ and ‘ricocheted’ is to present the violence and damageRead More ESSAY O N 3 WAR POEMS1160 Words   |  5 PagesESSAY ON 3 WAR POEMS No man wants to go to war and no government wants war but there are many different circumstances that lead to the action of war. Those involved in war will have political and personal views towards it. The First World War was greeted with great enthusiasm and patriotism; however it was the war in which millions died compared to the wars after. In the past 200 years warfare has changed and with this change the ideas on war have changed too. Wilfred Owen, Rudyard KiplingRead MoreWar Poems954 Words   |  4 PagesWar is a time of violence, protest, death and pain for many people around the world. With this conflict, a lot of poetry is written because poetry is one of the most common ways for people to put across their feelings about situations. War is one of these situations for which many people have very strong feelings. A common theme in war poetry is the transformation that war brings about in a person. Many poems reveal boys going into war and becoming young men after the experience. Another dominantRead MoreWar Is Kind, And The Poem, Anthem For Doomed Youth1714 Words   |  7 Pagesat war. Everyday loved ones wait at home waiting for news or their loved one to come home, hopefully unharmed both physically and mentally, safe from the wrath of war. War and violence can affect many people directly or indirectly in quite different ways. These effects on people involved with war and violence can be found in the movie Hacksaw Ridge, the poem â€Å"War is Kind,† and the poem â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth.† In the movie Hacksaw it can be found throughout the entire movie the effects war canRead MoreBruce Weigl ´s Poems on Vietnam War874 Words   |  4 Pagesthis day the Vietnam War is still considered to be one of the most devastating wars in history and has been a topic of resentmen t to the American culture thirty-three years after its end. For the American public it’s marked as being the point in history where distrust in our government was at an all-time high, mainly because most of the war’s carnage was witnessed on television for the first time. For all the bloodshed American and Vietnamese soldiers suffered through, the war has left a perpetualRead MoreWar Takes Over Everything in Walt Whitman’s Poem, Drum Taps645 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the way war consumes everything and monopolizes every facet of life; particularly the land the war is fought on. When analyzing the poem, the first stanza talks about the movement of war from the farms, the second stanza talks about the progression of war from the farm to the city. In stanza three this journey continues through the battlefield, through the halls of power and finally into the homes, moving from the public to private spheres of life. Throughout the entire poem there is an emphasizedRead MoreSongs and Poems Written on Wars: Imagine by John Lennon 793 Words   |  3 PagesPoetry is a way to express opinions and ideas and this can often be more effectively achieved through song. The Vietnam War also known as the American War was the longest major conflict that Australians have been involved in. It began in 1962 and ended in 1975. The Vietnam War was the cause of the greatest political and social dissent in Australia since World War 1. In 1959 war broke out between communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. America and there allies, which include AustraliaRead MoreThe Different Aspects of Conflict in a Selection of Four War Poems1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Different Aspects of Conflict in a Selection of Four War Poems Many poems have been witnessed throughout history that show different views on war and the glory and sacrifices made. Everyone was affected, from the men in the front lines to women and children working back at home. Men involved in the war effort often wrote poems to record their thoughts and feelings, or simply to pass the time. Poetry was an outlet through which they could express great depthRead More Analysis of Bruce Dawes Anti-War Poem, Homecoming Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesAn anti-war poem inspired by the events of the Vietnam War, Homecoming inspires us to think about the victims of the war: not only the soldiers who suffered but also the mortuary workers tagging the bodies and the families of those who died in the fighting. The author, Australian poet Bruce Dawe, wrote the poem in response to a news article describing how, at Californian Oaklands Air /Base, at one end of the airport families were farewelling their sons as they left for Vietnam and at the other end

Theme Of Injustice In Macbeth - 758 Words

Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, implies that once injustice occurs, it stays in the society, and gets carried out by others. However, â€Å"Redemption Song†, lyrics by Bob Marley, implies that the act of unfairness exists in society but you can regenerate the situation to justice. To begin with, in Act 4 Scene 3 of Macbeth, because of the information Macduff began to learn and infer about Macbeth, Macbeth ordered murderers to attack MacDuff’s family, while he was visiting Malcolm in England. Malcolm started to believe that the recent deaths of Banquo, Duncan, and MacDuff’s family were requested by Macbeth. And he was ready to fight, alongside with MacDuff. This was an act of injustice, by being unfair. Meanwhile, another act of†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare uses this word choice to retain the act of injustice, and not letting it be changed for the better. On the other hand to Macbeth, â€Å"Redemption Song†, shows how good always come s from bad. I the beginning these people were used for slavery physically, mentally, and emotionally. They were sold to merchant ships, and used for anything â€Å"not safe† for the ones forcing this labor. This was unfair, as it crushed the human rights and out humans in danger just because theres didnt want to lay a finger on the work surrounding them. However, justice, equal behavior, pulled through as the humans fought for their rights and pushed themselves to freedom. In Bob Marley’s words, â€Å"Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery None but ourselves can free our minds† (Line 14-15). Bob Marley is trying to tell us that the only way the men in mental slavery were going to escape the horror was by their own self power. ‘Emancipate’ was needed to set themselves free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions. However, through all the feelings occurring in the situation emancipate was to put control upon what they believed. Doing this would bring out the good in the situation. Bob Marley was trying to inform the world about things that do happen, through music. Using the words ‘free’, Marley is expressing that these people were forced where they are, and were not just allowed out. Bob Marley was proving that when these people were placed in a settingShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth And King Lear1605 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis Power is often a source of abuse, and can lead to many complications due to the madness it causes. Shakespeare manages to draw both mad and tragic parallels in two of his tragic plays, Macbeth and King Lear, which have both gone down as literary picassos. In both plays, themes of madness and injustice are clearly presented, along with containing parallel ideas about scheming, hypocrisy, and abuses of power. Likewise, female deception is also very apparent in both of the works plot, only addingRead MoreTimeless Theme Present in The Crucible and in Macbeth: the abuse of power1686 Words   |  7 Pagestimeless theme found in many pieces of literature is the abuse of power. Many people who are in power, abuse their power, and commonly become corrupt or unjust due to the power. The essence of human nature is to crave power. Along with this craving of power in some humans is the corruptness and injustice when one comes into power or on one s path to achieving power. This is a timeless th eme, as power and human nature have always existed in man s history. This theme may be observed in Macbeth, a playRead MoreMacbeth : The Duality Of Human Nature1741 Words   |  7 Pages One of the prominent themes is appearance versus reality, the duality of human nature. In Macbeth we see this theme numerous times in many of the scenes. In act 1 scene 3 Macbeth meets the witches for the first time they give him the vision of being ‘thane of Cawdor’ and thereafter the ‘king’ himself. After the vision we begin to see that Macbeth has begun pondering whether he shall murder Duncan and taking his ‘rightful’ place as king. However at the end of this scene he begins to think in a rationalRead MorePursuit of Ambition1910 Words   |  8 PagesPursuit of Ambition in Macbeth Due date 15/03/2013 What fuels Malcolm s interest in defending Scotland? Do his actions up to the final battle indicate that he s prepared to be King? Is he ambitious? What is the difference between him and Macbeth, if they’re after the same throne? Ambition: an earnest desire for some type of achievement or distinction, as power, honor, fame, or wealth, and the willingness to strive for its attainment. Mainly three themes: lady Macbeth, Macbeth, Malcom what is theRead MoreNemesis in Macbeth1783 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s, Macbeth. This play is a tragedy, one of Shakespeare’s darkest, filled arrogance and grown wild with power and hope, through violence and evil. There is no basic concept that explains the meaning of human life and ways to solve unanswered questions and injustices. Shakespeare suggests the idea of nemesis, the law of unmistaken, never-failing justice. He interoperate nemesis partially, and this idea relates to this play through various characters such as Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and BanquoRead MoreAnalysis Of Out, Out By Wilfred Owen2067 Words   |  9 Pagesthey wrote his lie,† in this quote recruitment officers, working for the government, recruit the boy, knowing he is under age. The word ‘smiling’ shows that they were happy to recruit him, this is injustice as they did not take the required legal action to stop him, but happily allowed it. This shows injustice because the government failed to tell the people the truth about war. He thinks war is fun because the government has not told him the truth, here the government is culpable. Because Wilfred OwenRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal of Lady Macbeth in Shakespeares Play, Macbeth2676 Words   |  11 Pages‘Macbeth’ is a play in which a Lord and his Lady come into supreme power through acts of injustice and despicable inhumanities. In the play Macbeth there is no main focal theme that overrules the others; the play however has several underlying themes, namely there are important themes i.e. good and evil (like ying and yang), greed and power, guilt and conscience, fear, ambition – this leads to the murder of other people illustrating to the reader that even the most sane of people can result to characterRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men And Macbeth 1808 Words   |  8 PagesCoursework: How are women presented in ‘Of mice and men and ‘Macbeth ? Throughout time, society has always been prejudice towards women and their characteristics. With regards to Adam and Eve, the Biblical story in which God created two humans (Adam and Eve) and positioned them in a beautiful garden called the ‘Garden of Eden , since then people have associated the story to being sexist and prejudice towards women. When Eve disobeyed God about eating fruit from the tree of knowledge and forcedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth : Women s Agency2261 Words   |  10 PagesCory Weaver Michael R Kightley English 201 24 November 2014 Relative Masculinity in Macbeth: Women’s Agency William Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the agency that is created for women when men are pushed into proving their own masculinity. In order to fully understand Shakespeare’s portrayal of masculinity in Macbeth we must first examine the stereotypes of the Elizabethan era that effected Shakespeare’s writing. â€Å"Defining what a female was supposed to be and do was an act of Renaissance cultureRead More Feminist Reading of Shakespeares The Winters Tale Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen exposed to tragic male protagonists who create their own downfall. Within these tragedies, Shakespeares female characters are vested with varying degrees of power in relation to the tragic heroes. In looking back at Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, The Winters Tale can be seen as an extension of the exploration into the nature of women and power broached in his earlier tragedies, as well as an amendment for the misogynistic attitudes they contain. In our class discussions, we were vexed

Public Relations Responses and Flubs - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Public Relations Responses and Flubs. Answer: Introduction Volkwagon in 2011 pledged to become an environmental friendly company by launching Think Blue campaign in The United States of America, for nurturing the nature by promoting Eco friendly driving. The company made a public statement that by the year 2018; it will be the worlds most ecologically sustainable manufacture of the car, at the same time by inspiring the number of people for living in a sustainable manner. But soon after making this statement, the diesel emission scandal came into limelight (Garcia, 2015). It was made public by The Environmental Protection Agency in the month of September that in the diesel cars, defeated devices are installed by Volkswagen, which make such cars to qualify for emission tests according to American standards, despite releasing 15-45 times the emission legal amount. This news was disclosed by the regulators after a few days and not by the company itself. Volkswagen is under investigation for not disclosing about the defect to the Environmental Protection Agency. The company management came to know about the defects through the media when Volkswagen engineers made statements about the devices which were defected. In short, there has been a big communication gap and problem between the company management and its employees (Barth et al., 2017). There have been a number of missteps in the Volkswagen Corporate Communication as it tarnished the reputation and image in the eyes of the public as well as its value in the market was crushed. The company issued many confusing and faltering public statements for a few days, thus by making the situation worse. Below mentioned is the detail how the whole situation was worsened by Company trying to protect its public image and relations: As mentioned earlier, it was the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency who made it public about the cheating done by the company in diesel parts, which the company should have done by itself. Rather the board of management came to know about the scandal when their engineers interacted and made a statement to few media people. The management did not comment immediately on the scandal. It was later, through a videotaped apology; the EX Chief Executive Officer Martin Winterkorn apologized by acknowledging about the dishonest behavior, but said very less about the cheating done by the company (Joshi Hakim, 2016). After a few days, Americas Volkswagen Chief Executive Michael Horn, accepted that the company has cheated, its stakeholders, in his own words totally screwed up. The speed with which the company was handling its public relations and the scandal made the situation worse, with every new revelation, the companys reputation was damaging and it made the crisis to spin out of control (Communications, 2017). One of the statements given by the top management was It would be wrong to cast suspicion on the honest hard work of so many because of the mistakes of only a few. Our team doesnt deserve that. Thats why Im personally asking for your trust as we move forward. This statement makes the whole situation looks like not taking the ownership of the responsibility and also the severity of the Volkswagen problem. The response to the public by Volkswagen was not at all sufficient in providing any cure to the situation. Since the beginning, a number of mistakes were being made, thus hurting sentiment of the public and destroying the public image of Volkswagen (Jung Park, 2017). Nobody from the top management was ready to take the accountability of the mistakes. While releasing the public apology in media, entire blame was put on a bunch of managers from the middle order. In a statement released by the company, the matter of dishonesty was addressed but nothing was said about the illegal actions done by the company. I am resigning in the interests of the company even though I am not aware of any wrongdoings on my part, it was the statement given by the ex Chief Executive Officer of the company Michael Winterkorn after the scandal came into highlight, making it worse for the company. Volkswagen should have taken out some time before going public and defining its PR objectives, which would have informed the public about its strategy of handling the situation. Based on it, a plan should have been created to handle the crisis. A good PR policy of the Volkswagen would have helped in avoiding PR mistakes which in turn were costly, and had delivered companys message consistently If the company, could have handled the situation more gracefully by providing information to its stakeholders timely and in detail, the damaged controlled could have been done. In a situation where a company is in public eyes for scrutiny and millions of questions from the public to be answered, every Chief Executive Officer of the company should foremost address the situation in an organized way by providing all kinds of information to its stakeholders. Even the media of its own home country, Germany, was calling Volkwagon fraud and cheat. The accusation was made and the German press wrote call everything wrong, which is and was done by the company. It was a worst case scenario for any company where the questions are being raised about its own existence, dignity and ethics. Volkswagen should have initiated a campaign for the brand makeover. The tagline of the company should be changed, focussing more on its ethics and simplicity. In a situation like this, after making public apologies through various media platforms, Volkswagen should have kept a very low profile (Ruddick, 2015). Other than that, the website of the company should have provided every information to the stakeholders. Post the scandal, on a daily basis, Volkswagen could have published press releases related to issues like providing information about the settlements, court documents, notices, new vehicles, partnership, increase in sales, FAQs, etc. Other than the main websites, a website specially dedicated for the stakeholders, who was affected by that scandal, could have been developed (Root, 2016). There was also a dire need in the change of the Public Relations team of the company. Other than the main Public relations company, few other companies should have been hired to tackle issues related to the scandal effectively (Hakim, 2016). Public relations practice means principles which are very basic in nature should be followed for developing a positive and clean image and reputation of the company in the market. These 10 basic principles which Volkswagen Public Relations team should have kept in mind while handling the situation and controlling it are: Deceit: Facts should be presented in a manner which works in a positive manner for the company. No false information or fake promises should be released in any form of medium, because once the lie is detected, it will make the current situation uncontrollable by damaging the companys reputation. Contact Information: The materials provided by the company for its public relations should have the information about the person to be contacted. Public and media should be provided a chance to follow up on the information provided and making up their mindsets. Target Information: Before the release of the information, those audiences who have more interest in the company press release should be targeted. Photographs: The public can understand the companys point of view by providing a well written press release with photographs. The public can get clarity on the issues and can redeveloped confidence (Bhasin, 2011). Media relations: Journalists are a companys public relations best allies. They can help in building or destroying a companys image in the eyes of public. Personal interviews, articles in favour of companys can help in gaining exposure. Tools: All the tools of Public relations should be available for use and the company should know how to use them. A public relation professional to reach its target audience should use tools like: press releases, speeches, personal interviews, web broadcasts etc. Timing: A public relations professional should be able to handle any situation well in advance before much damage is done to the company. Availability: A public relations department and its professionals should be always available at the time of providing information and statements regarding the company to the media as well as to the public. It is a very critical principle for public relations professional. Stay Active: Public relations and the company should be active in providing information to the stakeholders by finding new ways of delivering the information. Fact Checking: Those information and statements should be released which a company or its public relation professional has checked and confirmed about its authenticity and accuracy. A fact-checking system should be developed for releasing information in the press and the information in the public relation docket should be double checked and sign off before releasing it to its stakeholders. In the case of Volkswagen, most of the above mentioned principles were missing and the company and its public relations department made hasty and unclear statements in the media. Any kind of news becomes viral within few hours. The Company should have been ready to respond to any kind of disaster in a precise and swift manner by utilizing each and every kind of platform available to communicate with the public. Any company, including Volkswagen, if had committed a mistake must take the onus of it and should be responsible without distancing itself from the mistake (Beule, 2015). To remedy company cries, there is no cure-all method, but only to learn lessons from past experiences. Conclusion In the case of PR errors made by the Volkswagen it was seen that in between the public relations and the organization culture, an understanding of the relationship must be made. To make any Public relations campaign successful, they must go hand in hand. Because of the cultural approach of the Volkswagen, it became difficult to develop a PR plan which can be for long term and can be successful. It was also learned that it is very beneficial as well as challenging at the same time, determining who the most important audience of Volkswagen is. To handle this situation, audiences are divided on the basis of knowledge level. Such division helps in guiding to move forward and also provides a better understanding of the challenges faced in the case. It was also learned that how the management crisis should be handled and formulation of long PR plans. Recommendations In case of Volkwagon diesel emission defective parts scandal, the company should have tried to make situation little better by taking corrective measures in its public relations department. In any worst case scenario, if a company is struck, before going legal it should take advice from its public relation or PR department. In such situation, a company should have a clear view about the aftereffects of any kind of crisis, and a company should have a strong leader as the face of the company, who will provide all kinds of assurance to its stakeholders in their delivery, in their crisis response and in their presence (Maclean-Bristol, 2015). Volkswagen should be quick and confident in its response as well as it should take the onus of the responsibilities. Many companies have lost the valuable trust of their consumer by acting in denial and not taking the responsibilities of the situation (Shadbolt, 2016). There are many platforms which are available for handling and managing a companys public relations, out of which social media and digital platform is playing the main role in making or damaging a companys image. These mediums reach directly to the consumers. The Volkswagen home page should be filled with what the company thinks about its consumers, share its story ideas, blog posts by employees and consumers, photo gallery, announcement of some monthly contest and winners etc.. There are people out there, who are very passionate about the cars and if a company has done something to disappoint them, the first approach should be to respond quickly and positively and by taking feedback, corrective measures should be taken (Garcia, 2011). Below mentioned are few tips, which Public Relation Departments of Volkswagen and other companies should keep in mind while dealing with media and public: Phrases like no comments need to be avoided. It makes the company looks like a culprit and guilty (Coombs, 2014). If there is a lack of clarity in communication of a company, the public will feel mislead and that the company is trying to conceal something by making confusing statements. There should be clear delivery of message and communication, without any much jargon (Ritson, 2015). The companys spokesperson should be a strong leader or a person, with strong eye contact and confident body language else people will think it as a deception. Its preferable that only 1 or 2 spokesperson should be used during the crisis. But if necessary, all the spokespersons should be provided with the latest updates about the crisis and key messages should be informed to them, so that they all deliver one uniform message or answers to queries of stakeholders. Pre-draft messages should be used during such situations. Creation of a separate website for tackling such situation. For responding to any such situation, the Public relations team should utilize the existing social media channels (Lindstorm, 2015). If a companys PR follows these measures and take the above mentioned recommendation in its consideration, then there will be no or less errors made by them in future. References Barth, M. et al., 2017. Volkswagen Public Relations Plan, Available at: https://www.uwgb.edu/clampitp/phils%20site/internet_broadcast/documents/Volkswagen-Cases-Case.pdf Beule, S., 2015. Social Strategy for Scandal: Lessons from Volkswagen, Available at: https://www.aberdeenessentials.com/cmo-essentials/social-strategy-for-scandal-lessons-from-volkswagen/ Bhasin, K., 2011. 9 PR Fiascos That Were Handled Brilliantly By Management, Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/pr-disasters-crisis-management-2011-5?IR=T Communications, S., 2017. Crisis communications: the volkswagen emission scandal, Available at: https://www.sprocketcommunications.com/blog/crisis-communications-volkswagen-emission-scandal/ Coombs, W., 2014. Crisis Management and Communications, Available at: https://www.instituteforpr.org/crisis-management-communications/ Garcia, T., 2011. Auto Industry Using PR to Boost Sales and Loyalty, Available at: https://www.adweek.com/digital/auto-industry-using-pr-to-boost-sales-and-loyalty/ Garcia, T., 2015. Volkswagens PR response made problems worse, experts say, Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/volkswagens-pr-response-made-problems-worse-experts-say-2015-09-25 Hakim, D., 2016. VWs Crisis Strategy: Forward, Reverse, U-Turn, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/business/international/vws-crisis-strategy-forward-reverse-u-turn.html Joshi, P. Hakim, D., 2016. VWs Public Relations Responses and Flubs, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/26/business/volkswagen-public-relations-flubs.html Jung, J. Park, S., 2017. Case Study: Volkswagen's Diesel Emissions Scandal. Thunderbird International Business Review, 59(1), pp.12737. Lindstorm, M., 2015. 5 Steps To Regain Trust After A PR Disaster, Available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/3051481/5-steps-to-regaining-trust-after-a-pr-disaster Maclean-Bristol, C., 2015. Five crisis management lessons from the Volkswagen incident, Available at: https://www.continuitycentral.com/index.php/news/business-continuity-news/563-five-crisis-management-lessons-from-the-volkswagen-incident Ritson, M., 2015. Volkswagen scandal: Even textbook crisis management can't save VW, Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/media-and-marketing/volkswagen-scandal-even-textbook-crisis-management-cant-save-vw-20150923-gjtizf.html Root, G., 2016. 10 Principles of Public Relations, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-principles-public-relations-10661.html Ruddick, G., 2015. VW admits emissions scandal was caused by 'whole chain' of failures, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/dec/10/volkswagen-emissions-scandal-systematic-failures-hans-dieter-potsch Shadbolt, P., 2016. How can a company repair a damaged reputation?, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-37630983